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The audit risk is generally evaluated based on accounting...

The audit risk is generally evaluated based on accounting firm policy and professional judgment. Our firm requires us to assess low audit risk, which is to be 0.05, for the audit client that generally has stable financial condition and achieve steady financial performance. Tiffany is profitable company and has strong financial position: the net income in 2012 and 2011 are $416M and $439M respectively, Net assets in 2012 and 2011 are $2,611M and $2,349M respectively. In addition, the market share of the company in jewelry industry ranks No.1 in US and No. 2 in the world. They could keep their position continuously due to brand power and valuable employees. Therefore, we determined our overall audit risk to be 0.05. Risk Material†¦show more content†¦In addition, due to the nature of jewelry, they are generally small and consist of a large number of items. This means that it is very difficult for the company to custody, control, and manage its inventory. Based on our evaluation above mentioned, we assessed the inherent risk of the inventory to be very high, which is 0.90. We also interviewed with management, inventory manager, and staffs and went through a number of documents which is related to inventory account, such as control manual and work instructions, to obtain basis to evaluate control risk of the inventory. As a result of our work, we realized that the company has reasonably sound internal controls of the inventory to obviate management fraud and diminish business risks. However, we found out there was a big embezzlement, which is related to inventory account. A former vice president of product development at Tiffany was accused of stealing $1.3 million worth of jewelry betwee n January 2011 and February 2013. It implies that their internal control of the inventory has some weakness parts and need to be improved to prevent similar accidents. However, except for above one, we did not find any significant fraud or accident in the company that could increase a major risk of the company. Under our analysis, we evaluated evaluated the control risk to be slightly high (below the maximum), which is 0.60. Therefore, the RMM of the inventory for Tiffany equals 0.54 (IR x CR, which is 0.90*0.60).Show MoreRelatedAuditing Chapter 2 and 31135 Words   |  5 Pagesgathering audit evidence? A. Performance 2.27) Which of the following is not related to ethical requirements of auditors? D. professional judgment 2.28) One of an accounting firm’s basic objectives is to provide professional services that conform to professional standards. Reasonable assurance of the achieving this objective can be obtained by the following B. 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Lord/Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Speech to the Vatican Free Essays

string(58) " the creation of the first couples who were Adam and Eve\." The speech was all about monogamy and marriage. Likewise, the statement seems to have three verses that do not have a connection with each other. At the same time, the statement appears to have some logic but lacks a sequence. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord/Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Speech to the Vatican or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, in Genesis 3:19 God told man; â€Å"Through your brow’s sweat, you will feed up to the moment you go back to the ground since it is where you originated from since you are dust and then you must go back to the same dust.† In the following verse, it reads; â€Å"The man identified his wife as Eve since she represented the mother of every life.† Likewise, â€Å"The Lord God created garments from the skin for Adam plus his wife as cloths.† One then wonders what exactly is the connection in this piece. The other question that arises touches on what made it right for God to allow a man to name his wife. Also, it develops the debate on whether the move appeared to have changed the attitude of God towards human beings. However, it seems that God might have forgiven them through his decision of making for them clothes. Also, the Hebrew word denoting ‘skin’ is nearly not differentiable from the Hebrew word that means ‘light,’ such that Rabbi Meir, the major sage of the ancient second century, acknowledged that God created them as ‘garments of light.’ Still, this raises doubt on was its exact meaning. A careful reading of the text reveals that up this moment, the first humankind had offered his wife for the just generic name. He identified her as ishah, woman. Taking a recap on he told her; â€Å"This now represents the bone extracted from my bones and also the flesh from mine as well. Hence, she shall be identified as a woman since she was extracted from a man†. To him, she was not only a person but a type as well. Similarly, he availed to her a noun while not just a name. On top of this, the definition for her according to him is a derivative taken from him; that is something that has its roots from a man. She represents not only a person for him but also for his right as well. At the same time, she is a reflection of him. So long as a man began to develop thoughts of being immortal, he then produced the urge of not wanting any other person next to him. At the time he would end up dying and then go back to dust. However, there existed one option where something linked to him would have a life after his death. The option, in this case, would only be bearing a child. The only challenge is that he could not give a child by himself. Consequently, he had to seek for a wife. Man alone is not in a position of giving birth. On the other hand, the woman is in an area of mitigating the mortality of man. This does not imply that she represented him but primarily because she was indeed not like him. At this juncture, she opted for not being for him but instead resorted to being an individual of her right. Additionally, each person has a defined name. Hence, it is the reason; he named her Chava, â€Å"Eve† that means â€Å"provider of life.† During the time they were close to leaving the Eden and meet the real world, an area inhabited by darkness, Adam offered to his wife the very first gift linked to love, where it marked the personal name. At this juncture, God had a love type of response to both of them and also made for them a cloth to cover their nakedness or as denoted by Rabbi Meir; â€Å"garments representing light.† Consequently, it has always been there for the time is that when a woman and a man turn to each other, there is a bond of faithfulness. God was responsible for making for them the garments representing light. In this regard, it brings the picture of coming close next to God himself, that offers new life, turns the biological prose through the poetry covering on the spirit of a human being and eventually leading to the redemption of darkness in the world through the radiance constituted in love. The Pentateuch’s teachings in relation to the marriage institution with respect to the commentaries from the historical critical times. Marriage as explained in Old Testament The beginning chapters covered in the Old Testament starting with the story on the creation of the first couples who were Adam and Eve. You read "Lord/Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Speech to the Vatican" in category "Papers" The story with no doubt talks about the practice of monogamy. Patriarchs within the lineage of Seth were following this practice (Genesis 7:7). However, the family of Cain practiced polygamy (Gen 4:19). With Abraham, his wife was Sarah. After Sarah discovering that she could not bear a child, she opted to give Hagar, who was her maid to her husband, Abraham so that she could have a progeny. Also, when reading, it is established that Isaac was Sara’s son while Abraham deserted Ishmael and Hagar following the directive of Sarah. The implication of this was that children belonging to the maid or even the concubine have no rights of children associated with that of a wife. At a later date after Sara’s death, Abraham decided to take Kethura as the wife. There is the Ancient West Asian document linked with the 1700 BCE, the Hammurabi code that acknowledges that a husband has an opportunity of managing a wife unless that wife is not capable giving birth where the man may take the concubine. However, the concubine has no right linked to being a wife. The code at the same time singles out the case of a barren wife, where it notes that she must offer to her husband the concubine as a way of ensuring the continuation of the family. During the creation of the very first family, it creates the something that can be noted concerning the nature of a wife accorded to Adam. In Genesis 2:18 it states; â€Å"I will give him his helper to serve as his partner.† Adam was molded in God’s image and Eve, on the other hand, was created from Adam’s rib that at the same time was also done in same God’s image. The objective of the creation of Eve as already noted earlier was to serve as the ‘partner’ or a ‘helper.’ The phrase used by the Hebrews, in this case, implies that â€Å"the one that shows correspondence to’ or ‘fit for’ or ‘shows complimentary too.† In this case, there is an emphasis on the mutuality among the partners. None is regarded as being neither superior nor even inferior to the other. Hence, equality within sexes has always been implicit from the very beginning. Eve who is considered as the mother of all the living (Genesis 3:20) is viewed distinctly as Adam from the first couple’s picture. She represents a feminine touching all the races while Adam, in the same manner, represents the masculine (Gen 2:23). The personality of Eve is also complete same to that Adam; that is very rational and also accountable the same way as Adam. However, the position held by a wife and a mother is not the same. Likewise, the history touching on the marriage and the family as well assume another turn. The practice of monogamy found itself falling into misuse in Israel. For instance, on many occasions, Gideon married many wives (Judas 8:29-31). Bigamy is also accorded recognition as being a legal matter as covered in Deuteronomy 21:15-17. Uncountable concubines among the top class rulers and kings have so far dominated the scene. Later, there is a restriction of it by Talmud to only five. However, the renowned practice was indeed the monogamy. â€Å"The monogamous marriage’s image is just before the eyes of the prophets who serve as the representatives of Israel as the one wife being the one preferred by God† ( Hosea 2:4, Jeremiah 2:2, Isaiah 50:1, 54:6-7, 62:4-5). Similarly, wisdom literature is also in support of this perception towards monogamy. A woman that is not married is still governed by her father, while the married one is under the leadership of her husband. The Decalogue offers the presentation of a wife as part of the wealth owned by a man (Exodus 20:17). That does not mean that there were slaves. She was vested with power and also the authority on the wealth owned by her husband despite the husband remaining to be her master (Abraham showed obedience to Sarah by chasing Hagar and her child. Genesis 21; 10-12). The child that has been born through marriage is part of the family of the father. Through marriage, a woman leaves her parents and takes a new life with the husband. All her children would belong to this new found life with the husband. On the other hand, the polygamous practice leads to problems within the families. Hence to solve such incidences, regulations were defined (Deuteronomy 21:15-17). The practice, in this case, resulted in the creation of families within families. This is covered in Judas 9:1-2. There is no clear evidence concerning the marriage age. In the book of Kings, the accession age of a king, the duration of his leadership and the period for a succession of his son are stated. Through calculating, then it is possible to arrive at a given period; 15-18 as the age defined for marriage. However, Rabbis defined it as 12 for ladies and 13 for boys. Marriage Practice The father is responsible for all decisions concerning the children in the marriage. No consultation is held concerning this with the children. Previously, it was normal for taking a wife within one’s kin or kith (Gen.24:2- 4; Neh.13:25). Betrothal or the engagement denotes the marriage promise reached before marking the wedding celebration (Deuteronomy 20:7). Similarly, it signals a commitment that serves as binding in the marriage. Betrothed individuals are identified as a wife and a husband (Genesis 29:12). Going against the state of betrothal is regarded as committing adultery (Deuteronomy 22: 23-25). The man who is considered as living in an endangered state is often relieved of participating in duties such as war. Mohar (bride price) is the agreement made during the day of betrothal. Love and romanticism aspect is not always alien towards the patriarchal based world (Genesis 29: 20, 34:3, 1Sam 18:20). Marriage was indeed a local type of contract and did not have any sanctioning from any form of the religious rite. A contract of written marriage is well singled out in Tob.7:13. According to the Hammurabi Code, it makes a declaration that marriage finalized minus a formal form of the contract remains invalid. In Israel, the divorce acts were formulated before the period of exile (Deuteronomy 24:1-3, Jeremiah 3:8) and it would create a surprise that if the marriage contracts never existed during that period. Elsewhere there is the Elephantine contract type of formula of the 5th BCE century. It states that; â€Å"She remains my wife and I also remain to be her husband from today and forever.† The woman did not have the chance of declaring (cf. Tob.7:11). The ceremony involving marriage is classified into three parts; the coming of the bride into the house of the bridegroom, the feast of the wedding and the third case being the consummation. The main part of the ceremony is the entrance. The wearing of a crown by the bridegroom is followed by the friends in conjunction with band and turbines (I Mac.9:39). The bride must dress richly and also put on jewels (Ps. 44:15-15), however putting of a veil (Song. 4:1, 3:6-7) needs an escort of companions (Ps.45:15) and must performed in the house of the bridegroom (Ps. 45:16, cf. Genesis. 24:67). She removes the veil only while in the bridal chamber. Songs of love had to be recited that shower praises to the couples. Conclusion This paper has presented a discussion on quotation and The Pentateuch’s teachings in relation to the marriage institution with respect to the commentaries from the historical critical times. Making a comparison of this with the modern world, it would lead the astonishment upon realizing that many of the ideologies and practices represent the continuities of the impacts of the ancient customs, rites, and practices. How to cite Lord/Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Speech to the Vatican, Papers

Animal Farm Revolution Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Revolution Essay The purpose of the Russian Revolution was to fix problems from Czar Nicholas II. The purpose of the Animal Farm Revolution was to make life better for all theanimals. However, both revolutions made life worse afterwards. All of thecharacters in Animal Farm have counterparts in real life. This book was based onthe Russian Revolution, and all the important populace of the revolution aresymbolized. Some of the animals represent individuals in the Russian Revolution,and some types of animals represent different types of Russian citizens. Mr. We will write a custom essay on Animal Farm Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jones closely resembles Czar Nicholas II. The animal rebellion on the farm wasstarted because Mr. Jones was a drunk who never took care of his animals. Thismade his animals very angry. Fed by the words of Old Major the animals decidedto rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas II was a very weak man who treated hispeople similar to how Mr. Jones treated his animals. Czar made his working classpeople very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time,and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. Old Majorclosely resembles Karl Marx and V.I Lenin. Old Major resembles Karl Marxbecause, like the political thinker, Major brought about and created the idea ofCommunism, or ?Animalism, the Animal Farm version of this system ofthought. In a way, Major is associated with V.I Lenin of the Russian Revolution,the opportunist who brought and initiated the communist way of life on this landwhen it needed a new system-of-thought to help its troubled economy an d theway-of-life its people were forced to live out every day. Snowball closelyresembles Leon Trotsky. Snowball believed 100% of Old Majors ideas. Snowballwanted all the things Old Major wanted, such as the welfare of the animals. LeonTrotsky believed and wanted the same things as V.I Lenin, and wanted to continuewhat Lenin had started. Napoleon closely resembles Joseph Stalin. Napoleon wasselfish and greedy. He did not want to share the power or the decision makingwith any other individual. At first Napoleon and Snowball shared the decisionmaking and had debates about what course of action they would take. This workedfor a while. Then Napoleon grew weary of long debates, and he thought he couldmake his decision by himself. He then forced Snowball out of the farm andstarted to spread lies about Snowball to get the entire farm against him. JosephStalin did the same thing against Leon Trotsky. Stalin forced Trotsky intohiding in Mexico, where Trotsky was eventually assassinated. Both Stalin andNapoleon ruined any hopes of equal and fair government and instead, set updictatorships. Squealer closely resembles the Propaganda Department of V.ILenins government. Squealer did not make the decisions in the government, butacted more like the controlled media as in the Russian government. Squealersjob was to influence the people by exaggerating and re-writing history andsometimes even telling outright plain lies. The animals would listen tosquealer, and Squealer would always listen to Napoleon. The Department would useany lie to convince the people to follow Joseph Stalin, and the Departmentbenefited from the fact that education was controlled. The dogs closely resemblethe Secret Police (KGB). The dogs were Napoleons private army that used fearto force the animals to work. The dogs would kill or intimidate any opponent ofNapoleon. The dogs were part of Napoleons strategy to control the rest of theanimals. The Secret Police (KGB) was not really police, but they forced sup portfor Joseph Stalin. KGB used force, and they often killed entire families fordisobedience. KGB was extremely loyal to their master. Mollie closely resemblesthe vain, and selfish people in Russia and the world. Mollie only cared abouther ribbons, and wasnt much of a thinker. All Mollie wanted was to eat sugar,and look pretty. Some of the people in Russia and the world just didnt careabout the Russian Revolution. They only thought about themselves and went toother countries that offered more to them. I believe Boxer represents all thepeople in Russia. The poverty stricken, the homeless, who still work hard inorder to make the system of Communism or Animalism work. Boxer is therepresentation of workers who are pushed around, who are taken for all they areworth, and who are left for dead. Benjamin the donkey closely resembles theskeptical people in Russia and outside of Russia. Benjamin was a critic whoalways said Ive seen that before and Itll never work. Theskeptical people were not sure that the Russian Revolution would changeanything. Animalism closely resembles Communism. Animalism is a system that saysthere are no owners. There are no rich and no poor. Workers get a better lifeand all the animals are equal. Every animal owns the farm. Communism is a systemthat says there are no owners. There are no rich and no poor. All people areequal, and the governments own everything, but the people own the governments. .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .postImageUrl , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:visited , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:active { border:0!important; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:active , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of Computer Essay SummaryThe animals of Manor Farm overthrow their human master after many years ofmistreatment. The animals learn how to read and write. Then the animals changeManor Farm to Animal Farm. The animals came up with 7 commandmentsand they are: 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatevergoes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wearclothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drinkalcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animalsare equal. Then they decide to build a windmill. Led by the pigs, the farmanimals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they areworking for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Mr. Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. The pigs gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt astheir human master. All through the story, Napoleon messes up and breaks some ofthe commandments, but he changes them without anyone knowing. He changedcommandments 4, 5, 6, and 7 to: 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed withsheets. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. 6. No animalshall kill another animal without cause. 7. All animals are equal, butsome animals are more equal than others. The pigeons acted as messagecarriers, spreading propaganda between farms. The pigeons spread Napoleonswords from farm to farm, or in actual Russian Revolution, country to country. Inthe end of George Orwells tale, Animal Farm is much worse a place for thecommon animals than it had been previous to the revolution. The food was scarce,and the leadership was harsh and unruly. The workload was hard, and theconditions of life for the common animals had changed for the worse. The pigs,the leaders of Animal Farm, celebrate their victory and their entrance intohigh-society. The lowly other animals still left on the farm, look on. GeorgeOrwell has created a masterpiece, which is excellent if it is without any priorknowledge to the Russian Revolution. This book does an excellent job of drawingparallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Ithink Orwell is a genius because he has cleverly hidden the satire in such a waythat everything fits into the picture like a jigsaw puzzle. BibliographyAnimal Farm. Comparison of characters to Russian Revolution. 1999. http://www.globalserve.net/~glamont/afrmruss.html 6-1-99 8:02pm Stalin, Joseph. Stalin, Joseph. New Standard Encyclopedia 1930ed. Stalin, Joseph. History. The World Book Encyclopedia 1999ed.

Animal Farm Revolution Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Revolution Essay The purpose of the Russian Revolution was to fix problems from Czar Nicholas II. The purpose of the Animal Farm Revolution was to make life better for all theanimals. However, both revolutions made life worse afterwards. All of thecharacters in Animal Farm have counterparts in real life. This book was based onthe Russian Revolution, and all the important populace of the revolution aresymbolized. Some of the animals represent individuals in the Russian Revolution,and some types of animals represent different types of Russian citizens. Mr. We will write a custom essay on Animal Farm Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jones closely resembles Czar Nicholas II. The animal rebellion on the farm wasstarted because Mr. Jones was a drunk who never took care of his animals. Thismade his animals very angry. Fed by the words of Old Major the animals decidedto rebel like the Russians. Czar Nicholas II was a very weak man who treated hispeople similar to how Mr. Jones treated his animals. Czar made his working classpeople very uneasy with the way he used his authority and preached all the time,and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. Old Majorclosely resembles Karl Marx and V.I Lenin. Old Major resembles Karl Marxbecause, like the political thinker, Major brought about and created the idea ofCommunism, or ?Animalism, the Animal Farm version of this system ofthought. In a way, Major is associated with V.I Lenin of the Russian Revolution,the opportunist who brought and initiated the communist way of life on this landwhen it needed a new system-of-thought to help its troubled economy an d theway-of-life its people were forced to live out every day. Snowball closelyresembles Leon Trotsky. Snowball believed 100% of Old Majors ideas. Snowballwanted all the things Old Major wanted, such as the welfare of the animals. LeonTrotsky believed and wanted the same things as V.I Lenin, and wanted to continuewhat Lenin had started. Napoleon closely resembles Joseph Stalin. Napoleon wasselfish and greedy. He did not want to share the power or the decision makingwith any other individual. At first Napoleon and Snowball shared the decisionmaking and had debates about what course of action they would take. This workedfor a while. Then Napoleon grew weary of long debates, and he thought he couldmake his decision by himself. He then forced Snowball out of the farm andstarted to spread lies about Snowball to get the entire farm against him. JosephStalin did the same thing against Leon Trotsky. Stalin forced Trotsky intohiding in Mexico, where Trotsky was eventually assassinated. Both Stalin andNapoleon ruined any hopes of equal and fair government and instead, set updictatorships. Squealer closely resembles the Propaganda Department of V.ILenins government. Squealer did not make the decisions in the government, butacted more like the controlled media as in the Russian government. Squealersjob was to influence the people by exaggerating and re-writing history andsometimes even telling outright plain lies. The animals would listen tosquealer, and Squealer would always listen to Napoleon. The Department would useany lie to convince the people to follow Joseph Stalin, and the Departmentbenefited from the fact that education was controlled. The dogs closely resemblethe Secret Police (KGB). The dogs were Napoleons private army that used fearto force the animals to work. The dogs would kill or intimidate any opponent ofNapoleon. The dogs were part of Napoleons strategy to control the rest of theanimals. The Secret Police (KGB) was not really police, but they forced sup portfor Joseph Stalin. KGB used force, and they often killed entire families fordisobedience. KGB was extremely loyal to their master. Mollie closely resemblesthe vain, and selfish people in Russia and the world. Mollie only cared abouther ribbons, and wasnt much of a thinker. All Mollie wanted was to eat sugar,and look pretty. Some of the people in Russia and the world just didnt careabout the Russian Revolution. They only thought about themselves and went toother countries that offered more to them. I believe Boxer represents all thepeople in Russia. The poverty stricken, the homeless, who still work hard inorder to make the system of Communism or Animalism work. Boxer is therepresentation of workers who are pushed around, who are taken for all they areworth, and who are left for dead. Benjamin the donkey closely resembles theskeptical people in Russia and outside of Russia. Benjamin was a critic whoalways said Ive seen that before and Itll never work. Theskeptical people were not sure that the Russian Revolution would changeanything. Animalism closely resembles Communism. Animalism is a system that saysthere are no owners. There are no rich and no poor. Workers get a better lifeand all the animals are equal. Every animal owns the farm. Communism is a systemthat says there are no owners. There are no rich and no poor. All people areequal, and the governments own everything, but the people own the governments. .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .postImageUrl , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:visited , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:active { border:0!important; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:active , .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81 .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u434d02acbbfe8b1fda210794acaf5d81:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts of Computer Essay SummaryThe animals of Manor Farm overthrow their human master after many years ofmistreatment. The animals learn how to read and write. Then the animals changeManor Farm to Animal Farm. The animals came up with 7 commandmentsand they are: 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatevergoes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wearclothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drinkalcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animalsare equal. Then they decide to build a windmill. Led by the pigs, the farmanimals continue to do their work, only with more pride, knowing that they areworking for themselves, as opposed to working for their human master, Mr. Jones. Slowly over time the pigs gain power and take advantage of the other animals. The pigs gain so much power that they become just as power hungry and corrupt astheir human master. All through the story, Napoleon messes up and breaks some ofthe commandments, but he changes them without anyone knowing. He changedcommandments 4, 5, 6, and 7 to: 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed withsheets. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. 6. No animalshall kill another animal without cause. 7. All animals are equal, butsome animals are more equal than others. The pigeons acted as messagecarriers, spreading propaganda between farms. The pigeons spread Napoleonswords from farm to farm, or in actual Russian Revolution, country to country. Inthe end of George Orwells tale, Animal Farm is much worse a place for thecommon animals than it had been previous to the revolution. The food was scarce,and the leadership was harsh and unruly. The workload was hard, and theconditions of life for the common animals had changed for the worse. The pigs,the leaders of Animal Farm, celebrate their victory and their entrance intohigh-society. The lowly other animals still left on the farm, look on. GeorgeOrwell has created a masterpiece, which is excellent if it is without any priorknowledge to the Russian Revolution. This book does an excellent job of drawingparallels from the situation leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Ithink Orwell is a genius because he has cleverly hidden the satire in such a waythat everything fits into the picture like a jigsaw puzzle. BibliographyAnimal Farm. Comparison of characters to Russian Revolution. 1999. http://www.globalserve.net/~glamont/afrmruss.html 6-1-99 8:02pm Stalin, Joseph. Stalin, Joseph. New Standard Encyclopedia 1930ed. Stalin, Joseph. History. The World Book Encyclopedia 1999ed.

Do Viruses Help Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Do Viruses Help? HOW ABOUT VIRUSES? Just like bacteria viruses are one of the microbes that are winning the match against the humans. Viruses were the toughest one to tackle for the scientist. The shape, contents and their protective shields were the most challenging part of the fight. There are many ways one can treat cancer, but for AIDS doctors prescribe a cocktail of drugs in which some are enzyme inhibitors, protein inhibitors and while some are RNA inhibitors. This is not it in the cocktail there is more to the list. As the technology increases and the knowledge of our scientist about the DNA, RNA, Viruses, Bacteria, and other interesting things we are a step closer to the destruction of the virus. The hardest part of the virus is that it mutates a lot. Just like bacteria viruses do get resistant to drugs we take against them. For example if one catches cold or flu the doctors prescribe Amoxicycilin or something similar to it. If the patient doesnt finish the dosage there is a likelihood for the cold virus to get resistant to Amoxicycilin resulting a second drug intake. Pharmaceutical industries are trying to take a new approach to make antiviral drugs. One recently developed shows remarkable effects on the herpes virus. The recent antiviral drug indirectly attacks the virus making it hard for the virus to develop resistance to. Until today what the antiviral drugs did was they interfered with the production of the essential protein by the viruses. Viruses are also denoted as parasites, meaning that they infect a host as its life support. To fight the war against the viruses University of Pennsylvania Medical Center researches took the herpes simplex virus for experimental purpose, they found out that by inhibiting certain set of cellular enzymes they can successfully stop all the viral activity which causes the host to become sick. These enzymes are called cyclin-dependent kinases, or cdks. This enzyme along with other enzymes drive and coordinate cell division. This enzyme is also used by other viruses for replication purposes thus what Penn. team did was they too the cdks inhibitor and infected the virus with it, the result that came out was that the cells didnt replicate and the host cells were healthy. According to the statistics Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 strains have infected 80% and 20% respectively, the remarkable thing is that these cdks inhibitors work best on these two strains of HSV. Along with these two strains of HSV there is a third strain called Human CytoMegloVirus or HCMV which infects also 80% of the people, the cdks inhibitors shut this virus down for good. Tests are going to be conducted on the HIV, adenovirus, papovavirus, and parvovirus with the cdks inhibitors for these viruses work almost the same as HSV. If this drug works there might be a possibility for the people who have one of these viruses to be cured with one pill or with a cocktail in which one more pill is added to it. But the fight against viruses is not easy to win for they are just more complicated than what we think it is. I learned that human race has still one more chance to survive for few more years. Before I read this article I thought that just like dinosaurs were extinct we are going to be too. But the only difference will be that they didnt know their reason of what caused the wiping of their race but we will Viruses.

tycho brahe essays

tycho brahe essays Tycho Brahe was a sixteenth century Danish Astronomer. He revolutionized the study of astronomy before the invention of the telescope. He discovered information that was in disagreement with Aristotelian and Ptolemaic systems. He designed and built several instruments that recorded positions and measurements of the stars. Without his discoveries and observations we would be far behind where we are today in the study of the heavens. Brahe was born on December 14, 1546 in Skane Denmark. He attended the universities of Copenhagen, Leipzig, Wittenberg, Rostock, and Basel. He was originally in school to study philosophy and law. However, when at Copenhagen, he witnessed a predicted eclipse of the sun that took place on schedule. He was enthralled by something divine that men should know the motions of the stars so accurately that they were able a long time beforehand to predict their places and relative positions. This changed his interest from the law to astronomy. When he went to Leipzig, he was obsessed with astronomy. He his books and instruments from his tutor and stayed up each night observing the stars. When he was seventeen, he witnessed Jupiter and Saturn passing very close to one another. He checked the tables to see the prediction of when this event should have occured and saw that the Alfonsine tables were off by a month and the Copernican tables were off by several days. He decided that much better tables could be constructed by more accurate observation of the exact positions of planets over an extended period of time. Telescopes had not yet been invented, so the only way to measure the positions of the stares was to build large quadrants to get lines of sight on stars. It took twenty men to set up a large quadrant, which was part of a circle with a nineteen foot radius. It was graduated in sixtieths of a degree. This quadrant was the beginning of Brahes official observations. On ...

Cohorting Colonized Low Risk Patients with MRSA and Using Universal Research Proposal

Cohorting Colonized Low Risk Patients with MRSA and Using Universal Precautions will Increase Patient Satisfaction, Improve pati - Research Proposal Example Since the aim is to cut-down the running costs of hospitals by implementation of newer method, the collection of cost-related data from hospital authorities to make comparisons is also part of this study. B. Study population i. Setting The best possible avenue for this study could be a general hospital, as the availability of multiple specialties provides an opportunity to work in a coordinated manner with all specialties who can possibly contribute to this study. A hospital with a Department of Infectious Disease will be preferred for this study. As the Department of Infectious Disease works with nearly all other departments of the hospital, its position is central in contributing not only to the hospital but also to this study. Presence of an isolation ward is mandatory for this study, due to the fact that MRSA infected cases are the subjects of this study, and they require isolation. In addition to this, a reasonable turnover of patients is also expected to be the norm of the sele cted hospital. The reason for this is the fact that, the higher the number of subjects enrolled for this study, the better will be the results. ii. Subject selection Various specialties of hospital will be informed about the ongoing study. They will be requested to report to the Infectious Disease Department, the presence of suspected cases of MRSA. These cases will then be evaluated in order to make sure they are suitable candidates for this study. A total of twenty patients will be selected from those who are being treated under contact isolation while another twenty will be selected from among those who are receiving universal precautions. Patients who are unable to communicate verbally will not be selected as subjects for this study, as this study also involves interviewing the subjects to assess their wellbeing. Mentally ill patients or children under the age of 13 will also be excluded from this study. iii. Subject recruitment strategy The subjects will be recruited from the h ospital. A clear-cut written guideline/checklist will be provided to the assisting hospital staff for the purpose of selection of candidates. Assistance will be sought from the hospital management and the hospital staff, especially doctors and nurses, who will help to identify the patients who fit the profile for the purpose of this research. Gaining assistance from hospital staff will also decrease our study cost, as the hospitals staff is often well aware of their patients’ conditions and the need to test them again for being suitable for the study-under-consideration will not exist. Willingness of patients to become part of this study will be sought after explaining to them the importance of this study, and how they can contribute to the overall wellbeing of humanity by being part of this study. The consent of each patient will be gained after explaining the purpose and scope of the study. C. Study variables i. Independent variables The independent variables for this study will include the frequency of use of universal procedures compared with the frequency of use of gloves and gowns byhospital staff in the course of their interaction with MRSA patients. These variables will help to determine the incidence of infections transmitted from MRSA patients under study to other patients and staff members in the hospital.It will include the instances where

It is an exam question and I dont know what title will it have, Essay

It is an exam question and I dont know what title will it have, however the topic is called economic loss, focus on negligence misstatement - Essay Example A common thing in this regard has been that a loss-suffered party accuses its partner for incurring of the loss resulting in to legal disputes. There have been many instances for such legal cases some of which are discussed below. There have been various cases in the regard of economic losses that have arisen in because of negligence misstatements. Among such cases, Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd Vs Heller & Partners Ltd has been one of the most notables. The case is regarded as the tort law case which had occurred because of the negligent misstatement. Analysing the case it is observed that, Hedley Byrne was an advertising firm. The company had a new customer in lieu of Easipower Ltd. The recent customer put up a big order to the advertising company. Hedley Byrne became suspicious of the amount of the order and tried to ensure the financial viability of the client company. In order to do so, the advertising major called up their banks, National Provincial Bank, and asked for a report about the credit worthiness of Easipower Ltd from the client’s bank named Heller & Partner’s Ltd. The banker of the client replied to the National Provincial Bank and thereby to the Hedley Byrne stating that Easipower Ltd w as â€Å"considered good for its ordinary business engagements†. But an important point that had to be noted in analyzing the case was that the banker of the client, Heller & Partners Ltd also notified the reply saying â€Å"without responsibility on the part of this bank†. Perceiving the financial credibility of Easipower Ltd to be perfect, Hedley Byrne went in to the deal with the company but soon Easipower Ltd went into liquidation. As a result, Hedley & Byrne lost a hopping amount of more than  £ 17,000. Hedley & Byrne, incurring the loss, sued the banker of Easipower Ltd on the grounds of negligence as the advertising company relied upon the statement of the bank. The other accusation was that of misleading information. The honourable court heard the case

Principle of Electric Motor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principle of Electric Motor - Essay Example If the current carrying conductor is bent in a rectangular loop, then the two opposite sides that are at right angles to the magnetic field will experience force (Hyper Physics, n.d.). The direction of the force on both rectangular loop sides will be opposite to each other and therefore will produce a torque to the loop and the loops will continuously rotate. In practical applications an electric motor have a large number of loops attached to the coil armature and the magnetic field is generally produced by large electromagnets. Mainly two types of electric motors are widely used and there is slight difference between the working principles of DC and AC electric motors. Working of DC and AC electric Motor: In DC electric motor electricity to the armature coil is supplied through a commutator. Commutator reverses the current after every half cycle so that the torque applied to the armature is in one direction only and thus the coil rotates in single direction. In an AC electric motor the AC current is passed through the rotating contacts. These rotating contacts are also called brushes and the main disadvantage of these AC motors is that a part of energy is wasted as heat, which also shorten the life of the electric motor, however in an AC motor the magnetic field is also produced by same AC voltage (Hyper Physics, n.d.).

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Planning Process

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Planning Process CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is 20 year old tool for environmental management, not living up to its full potential. (Mudge, 1993). This chapter describes the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) planning process as conventionally depicted in subsequent EIA texts and guidelines. EIA characteristics and objectives are first presented because EIA planning process characterisations are interdependent with assumed EIA characteristics and objectives. Following the depictions of EIA characteristics, EIA objectives and the EIA planning process vary greatly from source to source. These variations are more the result of the varying perspectives of different authors than clearly defined schools of thought. Although, there has been a pro- process of evaluation over the past two decades, there also are many instances where elements suggested in earlier works have not been incorporated into most recent portrayals. This overview of the conventional EIA planning process is a point of departure for the modifications and refinements discussed in later chapters of this research. Also, the conventional portrayals of EIA characteristics, EIA objectives and the EIA planning process will be revisited in later chapters, taking account of combined implications. The following are EIA characteristics as commonly depicted in introductory EIA literature and guidelines; As a field of study EIA draws upon many social and natural science disciplines (Jain, Urban and Stacey, 1977). Drawing upon diverse disciplines is necessary to understand the significant aspects of the environment in order to predict how those environmental attributes may change over time with and without a proposed action; Boundaries between, and links to both traditional disciplines and to other transdisciplinary and transprofessional fields such as planning (Lawrence 1992). EIA must transcend individual disciplines if a holistic image of the environment with and without a proposed action(s), is to be presented. Hence, EIA should not be viewed as a transdisciplinary field. EIA consist of structural approaches and set of procedures in order to ensure that environmental factors are considered in planning and decision making (Clark1981a). In this regard EIA is a normative procedure that seeks to identify natural and social environmental norms or ethical standards and to infuse these into planning and decision making. In the definition of Environmental Impact Assessment, the impact element is often prefaced by one or more dimensional distinctions, such as; positive and negative (Mitchell and Takheim 1977; Rau and Wooten 1980); time ( short term, long term, frequency, duration); space (on-site, off-site); direct and indirect, quantitative and qualitative; individual and cumulative; and likelihood of occurrence (Rau and Wooten 1980). While the assessment component of EIA includes analysis synthesis and management- Analysis involves data collection and compilation, the identification of likely environmental conditions and interactions among environmental conditions and systems (Mm 1979; Munro et. al 1986; Amour 1990; Erickson 1994) und the description, measurement and prediction of likely effects and interactions among effects. Synthesis includes the interpretation of the significance of affects and interactions among them (Munn 1979; CEARC l988b) and the aggregation and evaluation of individual and cumulative effects (Cumulative Environmental Assessment CEA) both with and without mitigation (Westman 1985; Lang and Annour 1981; Armour 1990; Erickscm 1 994; Shoanaka 1994). Management includes mitigation (Jain, Urban and Stacey 1977) compensation and local benefits (Amour 1990), the management of residual impacts (CEARC 1988b), monitoring and contingency measures, and communications/ consultation activities (CEARC 1988b). In summary, EIA is a process that identifies, predicts, evaluates and manages the potential (or real) impacts of proposed (or existing) human activities on both the human and natural environment. The EIA planning process includes analysis, synthesis, management, communications and consultation activities. The consequences of such activities and their alternatives will result in specific impacts. Underlying EIA practice are usually implicating application assumptions. Formal or informal institutional mechanisms are, for example, anticipated to be in place to help to compel, or at least facilitate public or private proponents to initiate and complete an EIA planning process and the necessary documentation, as a perquisite to project approval. Along with perquisite methods it is expected that a systematic planning process can be devised or adapted for analysing and synthesizing the appropriate data and for involving relevant agencies and the public. Further assumed that: there is appropriate expertise to tackle the necessary technical work and to review whatever the outcomes of the planning process; there is a basis for choosing among alternative plans and for deciding if an undertaking should or should not proceed; the people who make the decision will rationally use the information provided to guide their actions; the requirements for approvals can be enforced and the impacts managed if unforeseen impacts occur; the contingency measures can be instituted. These application assumptions have been increasingly challenged in the EIA literature and in decision of courts and hearing panels and boards. The expectation that knowledge and expertise are sufficient may be especially dubious in situations characterised by emerging technologies, poorly understood environments and complex inter relationships within and among proposed actions and components of the environment. The extension of EIA from the conceptual to the applied pre-supposes that EIA must also be a transprofessional field of practice, EIA comprises of a core body of knowledge, skills and methods. Social and natural sciences provide the initial knowledge base- EIA seeks to integrate and, thereby transcend, the inputs and insights of a range of professions with expertise m the proposed action, the environment and their interactions, within a public policy setting. Frameworks, procedures and methods have been formulated and refined through practice, which over the years, has resulted in the emergence of EIA as a recognized area of expertise. EIA is a planning tool (Bisset 1983; Clark l9Ã »3a; Smith 1993). It is a form of applied policy analysis or more specifically, a form of resource management and environmental planning (Smith 1993). Consequently, the formulations and applications of environmental planning processes is one aspect of EIA. It, therefore, tends to be assumed that the EIA planning process should be anticipatory (prior to decision-making), systematic or orderly and rational. The results and conclusions from the EIA planning process should also be documented, generally in the form of an EIA report or statement. EIA is a generic planning process intended to contribute environmental information to decision-making. It provides a regulatory basis for forcing the explicit consideration of environment concerns by public and private decision makers. As such EIA forms a part of the institutional fabric through legislation, public policy or administrative procedures. Institutionalisation requires mechanisms to prepare, review and document the process, to coordinate inter-agency and private/public interactions, to adjudicate disputes and to monitor and enforce compliance. This dissertation therefore takes up this theme to investigate the effectiveness of EIA in the Skye Bridge project by considering the planning process and by using literature review as a means of analysis and research. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW On July 3, 1988, European Union (EU) Directive 85/337/EEC (Directive) came into force and as a result, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) became a part of the EUs environmental protection plans. The Directive requires that before consent is given for the development of certain public and private projects that are likely to have significant effects on the environment, an assessment of those effects must be compiled and considered by the developer and the authority in charge of approving the projects. By asking decision-making authorities to ponder likely environmental harm before the harm occurs, the Directive promotes a policy of preventing environmental harm. The comprehensive effectiveness of mandating pre-consent environmental impact assessment is undercut, however, because the Directive textually exempts national defense projects from its process. This study suggests that the European Union could and should include national defense projects in its EIA law. Part I of this Chapt er will provide a summarized, chronological evolution of environmental policy in the European Union. Part II will give a description and history of EIA law, including that of the United States, so as to provide a comparative and contrasting point of reference. Part III will propose a way by which the European Union can more fully live up to the preventative approach that it has espoused for environmental protection by requiring environmental impact assessments for national defense projects. This Chapter concludes that the inclusion of national defense projects in the EUs EIA law would broaden the scope and effectiveness of EIA law and environmental protection generally. 2.1. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT LAW 2.1.1. The Evolution of Environmental Policy in the EU The 1957 Treaty of Rome (Treaty), which established the European Economic Community, focused on the creation of a common-trade zone. Accordingly, the Treaty failed to make any explicit statements regarding policies for environmental protection. In fact, until 1987, all EU environmental protection legislation was introduced via the general language of one or both of two Treaty articles that only implicitly recognized EU authority over environmental issues in Member States. Article 100 of the Treaty calls for the harmonization of laws affecting the common market in Member States. Article 235 authorizes measures that prove necessary to attain one of the objectives of the Community absent a specific delegation of authority by the Treaty. Although the Articles make no explicit reference to environmental issues, they have been used as authority for certain environmental regulations. For example, Article 100s allusion to issues affectin g the common market was used as the authority to develop legislation that regulated product and industry standards across the EU. On the heels of the increased environmental awareness that swept the globe in the late 1960s, the European Community initiated the European Community Action Programmes on the Environment. The first of these five-year programmes, covering the years from 1973 to 1977, established principles and priorities for future environmental policies. The second five-year programme (1977-1981) established a list of eleven principles and actions to be taken in order to move closer to the goal of environmental protection. The list included the decision-making tool of environmental impact assessment. The first two Action Programmes had a common theme of protecting human health and the environment by controlling pollution problems. The third five-year Programme (1982-1986) solidly shifted the emphasis of environmental policy from one of pollution control to one of prevention and integration of environmental issues into other European Community policies. Not surprisingly, it was during the era of the S econd and Third Action Programmes when Directive 85/337/EEC, an inherently preventative and integrating piece of legislation, was first proposed and then accepted. The Fourth Action Programme (1987-1992) continued the trend of prevention but proceeded further beyond its predecessors by stressing the importance of using stringent environmental standards in regulating the activities of Member States. The evolution of environmental policy in the EU took a crucial step on July 1, 1987 when, in conjunction with the adoption of the Fourth Action Programme, the Community adopted the Single European Act. The Act, which consisted of amendments to the Treaty of Rome, contained articles that specifically affected environmental policy. Article 100A recognized the relationship between promotion of the common market and protection of the environment by authorizing the EU to adopt environmental legislation on the basis that such issues affect the marketplace. Article 130R lays out the objectives of future Community action relating to the environment by formalizing the principles of prevention, subsidiarity, polluter pays, and most importantly, integration. Article 130T reconfirms that individual Member States may enact environmental legislation that is more stringent than, but is compatible with, that of the Community. The evolution of environmental policy in the EU from the 1957 Treaty of Rome through the various Action Programmes and to the Single European Act exemplifies the European Communitys commitment to a preventative approach to environmental protection. EIA law stands as a hallmark of that preventative approach. The EUs commitment to the comprehensive prevention of environmental degradation is tested, however, by the limitations of its own EIA law. 2.1.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Law: A Description and Comparative Study 2.1.2.1. EIA: A General Overview The essential structure of EIA law is common to all the nations that use it. Generally, EIA law is a process intended to minimize or prevent environmental damage that is usually associated with the construction and operation of certain development projects. Usually in the form of legislation, regulations and/or administrative processes, EIA law requires that certain development projects, while still in a planning stage, be analyzed in terms of their potential adverse impacts on the environment. Developers and/or governmental bodies, depending on the particularities of the EIA law in question, must conduct an analysis, or assessment, of the environmental effects of certain projects. The public authority responsible for granting or denying consent to the project is asked to take into account the results of the assessment. Again, depending on the particularities of the EIA law in question, provisions are made for public disclosure of the assessments, as well as for public involvement in the authoritys decision-making process. The EIA process plays four important roles in protecting the environment. First, EIA law gives concrete, practical effect to environmental policy language that is often broad, general and otherwise absent of specific mandates. The U.S. Congress, in formulating its declarations of environmental policy, included EIA so as to insure that the policies enunciated . . . are implemented. EIA helps to insure proper implementation of policies by requiring the formulation and submission of written assessment reports, demonstrating an affirmative compliance with the environmental concerns outlined in policy language. A second role for EIA is to provide an analytical decision-making tool that institutionalizes foresight. It asks the decision-making authority to look beyond the moment and to incorporate into its decision the possible irreversible future effects a project may have on the environment. Third, to the extent that EIA affirmatively asks developers and decision-makers to account for the social and economic costs resulting from their actions, EIA forces the internalization of those costs and consequences that might otherwise go unaccounted for. The final role that EIA plays is as a public-awareness measure. Most EIA processes allow for public disclosure of development plans, as well as for public participation in the decision-making process. In the words of Professor Nicholas Robinson, EIA facilitates democratic decision making and consensus building regarding new development. For EIA to incorporate environmental norms into decision making, it must address both environmental ethics and values and human ethics, values, perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. It is an objective procedure for identifying, measuring and predicting environmental attributes and changes brought about by existing or proposed actions, but is subjective in the interpretation, aggregation and management of those changes. Although driven by an environmental ethic, the links between EIA and ethical theory in general and environmental ethics in particular, have been tenuous at best. The tendency has been to assume that concepts and methods developed to predict and explain environmental change provide a sufficient knowledge base. The practice of EIA involves, usually implicit assumptions regarding the known environment, environmental impacts and environmental norms. It is, for example, generally assumed that aspects of the environment and their inter- relationships can be identified, described or measured and monitored; changes, with or without a proposed action can be predicted to the extent that cause-effect relationships can be established; stakeholders values can be determined; measures of impact magnitude and importance can be combined; individual and cumulative environmental consequences can be interpreted, aggregated and managed; end issues of probability of uncertainty can be managed sufficiently to decide whether a proposed action should proceed and, if so, then, in what fashion. These knowledge assumptions are questionable, especially in the subjective realm of conflicting values, perceptions and human behaviour. The primary focus of EIA was initially on the physical and natural environment and, to a lesser extent, on the socio economic consequences of physical and natural environmental changes. The environmental aspect of EIA now generally embraces both natural (physical, biological and ecological) and human (human health and well being, social, cultural, economic built) environmental components and systems (Wiesner, 1995) and their inter relationships (Jain, Urban and Stacey, 1977; Estrin and Swaigen, 1978; CEARC, 1988b). There are many opinions regarding whether social impact assessment (SIA) or socio-economic impact assessment is or should be a sub-field of EIA (Morris and Therive1, 1995). A broad definition of the environmental EIA facilitates a more comprehensive approach to environmental management but it leaves open the possibility that certain elements of the environment will not receive pertinent attention. The question of how best to integrate social, ecological and economic data and perspectives remains unresolved. Human actions alter the environment (Jain, Urban and Stacey 1977; Mitchell and Turkheim 1977). In EIA, the term impact generally refers to the accepted environmental consequences (Meredith 1991) of a proposed action or set of actions (Rau and Wooten 1980) and less frequently to the actual consequences of an existing activity. Distinctions also are often drawn between changes or effects (measures of magnitude) and impacts (measures of magnitude in combination with measures of importance), between alternations of environmental conditions or the creation of a new set of environmental conditions, and between environmental conditions changes caused or ind uced by actions (Rau and Wooten 1980). Although the traditional focus of EIA has been capital projects, EIA requirements are increasingly applied to legislative proposals, policies, programs, technologies, regulations and operational procedures (Munn 1979; Estrin and Swaigen 1978; CEARC 1988b). The expectation that the conceptual basis for EIA largely developed at a project level can be readily extended and applied to policies, programs and technologies is questionable. At the policy and program level the range of inter related choices tends to multiply, impacts tend to be more generic and less amenable to precise prediction and EIA overlaps with policy and program evaluation, planning and environmental and resource management. A distinction is sometimes drawn between project level EIA und the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of policies, plans and programs (Sadler 1995). Risk assessment, technology assessment and environmental health impact assessment are viewed as either subfields within EIA (Sadler 1995) or as distinct fields that partially overlap with EIA in most cases EIA applies to the actions of both public and private proponents (Meredith 1991; Mitchell and Tuclcheh 1977). Alternative methods of achieving a proposed end and of managing the impacts associated with a partial choice are also usually considered in an EIA planning process. 2.1.2.2. A Comparative Study: The United States Experience with EIA The significant history of EIA law began with the passage in the United States of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. NEPA was brought about as an instrument of policy and planning (Roberts, 1984a). Among NEPAs eloquent but broad declarations of environmental policy is a brief section mandating EIA law for certain projects, thus providing a set of teeth with which to enforce the statutes policies. Section 102(2) of the Act requires all federal agencies to prepare and include an environmental impact statement (EIS) with every recommendation or proposal for major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The importance and weight of this requirement, as well as the problems inherent in defining its triggering terms, are demonstrated by the fact that the EIS clause has spawned nearly all case law brought under NEPA. Much of NEPA case law has dealt with the issue of w hether projects involving national defense and national security are subject to compliance with Section 102(2), and judicial review of such compliance. The environmental, public-awareness and military interests at stake in these cases are reflected by two questions. First, will compliance and judicial review compromise the confidentiality of matters regarding national security? Second, will compliance and judicial review compromise the ability of the military to proceed with projects, which while detrimental to the environment, are crucial to the defense of the country? In answering these questions, it is important to note that NEPA calls for EISs from all agencies of the Federal Government; the statute does not provide a textual exception for national defense or security projects. Despite the clear language of the statute, however, U.S. courts have struggled with the issue and are currently responding in a manner that runs counter to the language and true intent of NEPA. Most court decisions find that NEPA-based claims against projects involving national defense interests are justifiable. Early cases, however, were ambiguous in answering questions of whether such projects must comply with NEPA requirements and whether EISs for such projects are subject to judicial review of their legal sufficiency. For instance, in the early case of McQueary v. Laird, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals dealt with a NEPA challenge to a military project by claiming lack of jurisdiction. In another early case, Citizens for Reid State Park v. Laird, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Maine found that NEPA applies to all federal agencies, including the Department of Defense. The Court in Citizens for Reid State Park refused to require an EIS for the Navy project in question, however, because it found that the plaintiff citizens group had failed to prove that the Navy plans constituted a major project significantly affecting the environment. Later court d ecisions often allowed national defense projects to proceed without an EIS or judicial review of an EIS, not because the courts believed that such projects did not have to comply with NEPA, but merely because the courts found that major federal action or significant effects on the environmentrequirements necessary to trigger NEPA were absent. In cases where major federal actions having significant effects on the environment were found to exist, compliance with NEPA was required despite national security interests. In Committee for Nuclear Responsibility, Inc. v. Schlesinger, for example, the Supreme Court refused to issue an injunction for violation of NEPA, but the Courts rushed decision upheld a Court of Appeals finding that the Atomic Energy Commission did have a judicially reviewable duty to comply with NEPA requirements in spite of national security considerations. In Progressive Animal Welfare Society v. Department of Navy, the Western District Court of Appeals of Washington found that the Navys plan to use dolphins in a military project was a major federal action with significant environmental impact; accordingly, a NEPA EIS was required for the project. Finally, in Concerned about Trident v. Rumsfeld, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia found that the Navys plans for a submarine support facility requ ired compliance with NEPA to the fullest extent possible. The court found that the Navys own internal environmental impact statement was insufficient to fulfill the requirements of NEPA. In making its decision, the court, citing judicial precedent as well as NEPAs lack of a textual military exception, rejected the Navys argument that NEPA could not possibly apply to strategic military decisions. The court stated that the Navys plans were subject to NEPA requirements despite the projects serious national security implications. In 1981, the Supreme Court again addressed the issue of the militarys compliance with NEPAs EIA mandate. In Weinberger v. Catholic Action of Hawaii, the Court refused judicial review of the Department of Defenses compliance with NEPA in a matter of national security. The dispute began with the Navys plan to construct a weapons and ammunition holding facility capable of storing nuclear weapons in Ohau, Hawaii. The Navys internal assessment concluded that the fac ility would not have significant impact on the environment and as such, a NEPA EIS was unnecessary. The Navys assessment, however, failed to include an analysis of the facilitys impact on the environment should nuclear weapons actually be stored at the site. The district court that first reviewed the case found that the Navy had complied with NEPA to the fullest extent possible. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the district court, arguing that an EIS was necessary and feasible since it would not necessarily release confidential matters. Important to the court was the fact that the Navy had already made the nuclear capabilities of the facility public knowledge. The court went on to suggest a hypothetical approach to writing EISs that would protect national security, environmental concerns, and public disclosure interests. Judge Merrill wrote that under this hypothetical approach, the Navys EIS must evaluate the hypothetical consequences of storing nuclear weapons at the site but it need not imply that a decision to actually store nuclear weapons had been made. The court argued that since the public was already aware of the capability of the facility to store nuclear weapons, a hypothetical EIS that discussed the impact of such storage, but not whether it would actually occur, would not reveal anything the public did not already know . Further, it would allow the Navy and the decision-making authority to consider the true and potential costs and consequences of proceeding with the project. Finally, the Court stated that a hypothetical EIS would assure the public that the decision-making process had fully accounted for the projects externalities and consequences. On review, the Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals creative approach to balancing the interests at stake. The Court, discrediting the Ninth Circuits notion of a hypothetical EIS, refused to mandate a NEPA EIS because it believed that doing so would reveal confidential matters of national security. In the majority opinion, Justice Rehnquist outlined the current status of the law regarding military compliance with EIA law in the United States. He wrote that public policies favoring the protection of confidential information regarding national security ultimately forbids judicial scrutiny of whether or not the Navy has complied with NEPA to the fullest extent possible.' Justice Blackmun, who concurred with the judgment of the Court, was joined by Justice Brennan in stressing that although the Defense Department may disseminate EISs in a manner that protects confidential matters, it is still bound by the obligations of NEPA. 2.1.2.3. A Comparative Study: The European Unions Experience with EIA Sixteen years after NEPA took effect in the United States and after five years of consideration in the European Union, Environmental Impact Assessment law was officially incorporated into the statutory framework of the EU on June 27, 1985. Directive 85/337 mandates EIA for certain projects such as those involving crude-oil refineries, thermal and nuclear power stations, motorway construction and dangerous waste landfills. It also requires EIA to be performed in conjunction with those other projects that Member States find have a significant effect on the environment due to the projects particular characteristics. The specific legal authority for the Directive is derived from Articles 100 and 235 of the EEC Treaty. The Directive also cites to the first three Action Programmes for their policies of preventing environmental harms at the source rather then trying to counteract environmental degradation once it occurs. The procedure called for by the Directive identifies, describes and analyzes the effects a development project may have on humans, fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climate, landscape, welfare and cultural heritage. The EIA must contain a description of the project in question, an outline of the main alternatives to the project, the reason for choosing the proposed plans, a description of the significant effects the project will have on the environment, and a description of the measures that must be taken to avoid, reduce or compensate for those effects. Because developers have the best knowledge of the nature of their proposal, they have the responsibility of gathering the information and compiling the EIA. The decision-making authorities who have the power of giving consent to the developers plans have the responsibility of setting standards for approval or disapproval and ensuring that the developers EIA complies with the law. Further, they are obligated, by statute, to incorporate the EIA into their decision-making process. Also, Article 10 of the Directive states that the authorities must respect existing regulations and practices regarding industrial and commercial secrecy. Finally, the Directive envisions an active role for the public. In addition to supplying the decision-makers with information regarding the impact a project will have on the local environment, the public may have an opportunity to suggest alternatives and to pursue judicial action in order to request a review of consent. Further particularities of public participation and involvement are to be determined by the individual Member States. 2.1.2.4. The National Defense Project Exception to Directive 85/337/EEC The effectiveness of the Directive in preventing environmental harms is undercut by the exception it gives to national defense projects. It is reasonable to infer that this exception reflects two assumptions. The first assumption, explicitly mentioned in the Directive, is that national legislative processes will ensure that defense projects comply with the Directive. No rationale is provided for this assumption except for the implied reasoning that national legislators share the concerns of the Directive and are able to guide national legislation accordingly. The second assumption appears to be that the confidentiality of Member States national security matters would be compro

Tough economic times: The impact on employee motivation and morale Essa

Chapter Two Introduction The main purpose of this project is to uncover factors responsible for causing a 36% decrease in employee satisfaction for the department of EHS over a 5-year period (2005-2010) reported in EHS’s 2010 employee satisfaction survey (EHS, 2005; EHS, 2010). With over 64,000 full-time employees making up the State of Colorado’s workforce it is imperative to determine how best to improve employee satisfaction and morale as these directly affect job performance and workplace safety (Barling, Kelloway, & Iverson, 2003; STAR, 2009). The objective of Chapter two is to provide information regarding employee satisfaction and the examination of the capstone’s project theoretical framework. Having a clear understanding of the motivation of employees is tremendously significant to managers as well as the supervisors, particularly in the industries today where the limited budgets make it complicated to reward workers monetarily. In order to analyze the effect of the long-ter m reductions in employee compensation, benefits, and incentives directly affecting the State of Colorado workers’ motivation, job satisfaction, and morale, it is important to include the two well-known motivational theories i.e. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1959) as well as Adam’s Equity Theory (1963), into the project’s theoretical framework (Gibson, et al., 2009). Definition of Terms In the context of this study, the following definitions are provided for understanding: Absenteeism: is the failure to report for duty or obligation or a habitual pattern of absences (Robbins & Coulter, 2007). Conventionally, the word absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance (â€Å"Absenteeism,† n.d.). Effectiveness: The degree to ... ...ervant (Adams, 1963). Summary Chapter two provided an overview of the current problem at EHS and provided a literature review of two mainstream theories on employee motivation that is, Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory and Adam’s Equity theory. Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory is known as a Content Theory, which focuses on motivational factors within a person whereas Adam’s Equity theory is known as a Process Theory, which focuses on external factors to provide motivation (Gibson, et al., 2009). Motivation, job satisfaction, and reward systems are all key elements of an employee motivation models and are essential in encouraging an individual to attain a specific goal (Aguinis 2009; Gibson, et al., 2009; Robbins & Coulter, 2007; Robbins & Judge, 2010). Chapter three in brief outlines the capstones project’s methodology including how the data was analyzed and compared.

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley

The novel Frankenstein written in 1831 by Mary Shelley is a tale that seems to expound on many of the ideas set forth in John Keats’ â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The thematic elements concur in their references to the unknown and to the unwanted and melancholic results of knowledge that lies beyond a certain threshold of life. Both works take on a very tenebrous tone and even hint at a certain inevitability in the coming of doom and the destruction of beauty. They might even be considered works that celebrate the sadder circumstances in life—which is in direct contrast to the unbridled optimism of many Romantic poets of the era. The monster created by Victor Frankenstein, as well as Frankenstein himself, enter the dreamlike and unknown territory of Lethe warned against by Keats, and in return find out first hand the inner workings of life’s melancholy.The very first line of Keats’ poem warns against entrance into the unknown, as therein lies even more evidence of the grief that life can hold. He writes, â€Å"No, no, go not to Lethe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1). Lethe refers to a river found in the Greek mythologies that flowed through the underworld of Hades. This river is one that causes forgetfulness and in that way casts a shroud over reality that is similar to the misty and dreamlike sense created in the novel Frankenstein. Shelley does this using several devices, such as through the setting she creates. The story begins while the first narrator and Dr. Frankenstein sail together on a vessel in the dark and expansive waters of the Arctic. The atmosphere speaks volumes of the lack of clarity that is shown to exist on the earth. It also prefigures the idea of Dr. Frankenstein’s forgetting (as on Lethe’s waters) lessons learned from Faust about seeking too much that which lies beyond death.It can also be seen from the very first letter written by Walton that life is itself shown to be unclear and unstable in its abilit y to mete out despair and melancholy no matter which actions are performed by the persons involved. Walton writes to Margaret: â€Å"And when shall I return? Ah, dear sister, how can I answer this question? If I succeed, many, many months, perhaps years, will pass before you and I may meet. If I fail, you will see me again soon, or never† (Shelley, 4). It is clear that life is like a voyage into the Arctic or on the river Lethe. What lies ahead is unknown and what happiness has past may easily be forgotten, as quickly as sadness may come.Yet Keats’ message is much more specific than the mere pointing out of the dreamlike nature of life. It goes further to deter men from seeking out the underside of life. He specifically warns against the deliberate seeking of things that are associated with death and the underworld. He speaks of the foolhardiness of twisting Wolfs-bane or allowing Proserpine (the goddess of the underworld) to kiss one’s forehead (lines 1-4). Thi s is significant in the novel Frankenstein as the actions performed by that doctor may be compared directly to what Keats warns against.The doctor himself admits: â€Å"The moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hidingplaces† (Shelley, 45). Frankenstein reveals that he deliberately seeks out the halls of death in his quest to give life to a cadaverous body. He goes beyond the call of the living man and ventures uninvited into the underworld to have his brow kissed by Proserpine. The warning Keats gives seems to be merited as the consequences of his actions serve only to illuminate the more melancholy aspects of life.A portentous smudge on Dr. Frankenstein’s eagerness to infuse the dead body with his new concoction of life symbolizes the doom that is foretold by Keats for those who meddle with the things of death. Frankenstein describes his state during the times leading up to the creation of his monste r, and he reveals, â€Å"I pursued my undertaking with unremitting ardour.My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelley, 44). This demonstrates the toll that his illicit actions were taking on his body. It is as though Proserpine’s kiss of death were spreading through his body while he attempted to give life to the dead one lying on his table. The unfavorable circumstances that are yet to come are prefigured in this episode where Frankenstein seems to be transferring his own life to the cadaver on which he operates.Keats goes on to speak of the fall of melancholy when â€Å"fit,† and this demonstrates that sadness itself will lie in incubation during periods that seem happy. He writes, â€Å"But when melancholy fit shall fall sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 11-12). This demonstrates how in the fullness of time, melancholy itself will burst forth upon the heads of those who have per formed the actions to deserve it. This is also true of the events of the novel Frankenstein. Once the scientific endeavor has been achieved, the Monster becomes a herald of fear and doom.He also becomes the hand of premature death to several of the characters, all of whom were loved by Victor. Furthermore, Keats’ comparison of melancholy’s â€Å"fall† to the weeping of a cloud makes it known that such sadness is a part of the cycle of life—and therefore gives the impression that there is no real need to seek it out, since it comes of its own accord anyway. Death would have come to Elizabeth, William, Justine and Frankenstein’s father without the help of the monster that was created. There was no real need for the Dr. Frankenstein to create that artificial taker of life, since life itself has its own built-in machinery of death.Yet Keats’ solution to the fall of melancholy holds a cryptic message that appears difficult to interpret. It is nec essary to dig deeply into its meaning before it can be reconciled with the events portrayed in Mary Shelley’s novel. He indicates that when melancholy falls, one should â€Å"glut thy sorrow on a morning rose or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave or on the wreath of globed peonies† (lines 15-17). When one â€Å"gluts† or oversupplies something, this leads to a drop in the price of the thing.Sorrow glutted upon these things of beauty causes itself to become cheap, and therefore easily acquired. It is difficult to see how this can be a solution to sorrow at all, since it merely proliferates it. However, it does support the thesis that sorrow is easily achieved in life; and it can also be seen to fit well with the ideas of the novel Frankenstein, in which the Monster goes on a rampage and gluts sorrow upon the happiness that once existed in Victor’s world.Yet, the glut of sorrow that Keats indicates exists in life is even more visible when one considers th e condition of the Monster himself. The â€Å"life† into which he is brought is even more desolate and melancholy than that experienced by real humans. He is the only one of his kind and is marginalized by his very dissimilarity to man. His hatred and wickedness is spawned directly from this fact—which is a direct result of Frankenstein’s â€Å"[twisting] Wolfs-bane [†¦] for its poisonous wine† (Keats, lines 1-2).When the Monster speaks to Frankenstein, it is to display the condition to which he has been brought in life. He says, â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable. Am I not shunned and hated by all mankind?† (Shelley, 147) It is this immense sorrow that the Monster’s life has brought him that overflows in its surplus and gluts itself on the morning rose of everything that is good in Frankenstein’s life. It affects the promise of his friend and brothers’ lives, and causes the shedding of his wife’s bloom and beauty.The ideas concerning the melancholy of life, which are reflected in this poem and novel, demonstrate several notions that are usually considered Romantic. The idea of something’s being Romantic gives the impression that it affects more gaiety than it really does possess. This can be shown to be true of the novel Frankenstein as the contentment that the doctor proposes to receive from fulfilling his plan is in direct contrast to what actually results from his work. Yet further ideas concerning Romanticism can also be extracted from these two works.The moral and Romantic belief in the apocalyptic events (as those portrayed in the Bible) followed by an era of peace and serenity can be shown to be reflected to some extent in the texts of the Keats’ poem and Shelley’s novel. Shelley’s protagonist is hit upon by doom and destruction as a result of the actions he performed during his life. This is also demonstrated in the melancholy that â€Å"fallsâ₠¬  in Keats’ poem as a result of the actions of one who deliberately seeks out the underside of the life. Similarly, Romantic (biblical) destruction of the earth is also purported to be a direct result of the actions of mankind. However, once the destruction is complete, peace returns to the earth.This is seen to occur at the end of the novel Frankenstein when the monster destroys his maker and then wanders off to seek his own destruction. This appears to restore equilibrium to the world. Yet, this equilibrium cannot be said to be of the same optimistic quality as the â€Å"peace and tranquility† that is supposed to follow the apocalypse. In fact, this equilibrium keeps itself closer to the theme of melancholy being present naturally within life, as it is a balance between good and evil that defines this equilibrium.The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and the poem â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† by John Keats bear many similarities to each other. They contain the i dea that seeking too much the things that lie beyond life will unleash a measure of death and sorrow that is not only unnecessary, but that will disrupt the gentle equilibrium that exists on earth. Life, in equilibrium, contains both joy and sorrow—so melancholy will come in good time without being sought.The actions of Dr. Frankenstein prove Keats’ theory to be correct in that he pushes to see beyond life and finds the death and sorrow in greater abundance than that which he sought. The optimism typical of the romantics is challenged in the ideas of these writers, as even the return of life’s equilibrium means that death and sorrow will have as much freedom to harm humans as life and happiness to comfort them.Works CitedKeats, John. 1819. â€Å"Ode on Melancholy.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. I.   Ã‚   M. H. Abrams, et al. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993.Shelley, Mary. 1831. Frankenstein. Bowser, BC: Aerie Publishing, 1988.

Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain

The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton is a science fiction book about the fictional 'first crisis' in the biological field. The book starts out by pointing out that technology is growing so rapidly, there is bound to be crises, like Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and how the biological field of science has never had a major crisis. He also points out that biology is the youngest of all the fields, and a crisis has been long overdue. It begins with what is known as Project Scoop, a scientific mission to find life in the extreme outer limits of the atmosphere. Many satellites are put into orbit, and most are lost or come back with nothing. Then, with the seventh satellite, the get something. There is just one problem. The satellite lands in a very small town in northeast Arizona called Piedmont. Tracking crews are sent out to find the satellite and find it, and head into the town, but they find most of the inhabitants of Piedmont lying dead, clutching their chest, in the middle of the main street. When the get out of the vehicle to investigate, they die too, while being monitored by radio. The person in charge is back at base, listening to them. When, after the two find all the dead bodies in the town, everything goes silent, he knows something has gone very wrong, and calls in the problem. The systems that have been set up to take over in the event that something that like this happened start to take over, and certain people are contacted. Years before, a group of biologists proposed to the President that, in case of a unknown biological agent getting out into the country, an underground secret base should be set up to study the organism, and possibly try to find a cure. It would be five levels, each successive level more sterile than the other, from level 1 being non-sterile, to level 5 being as sterile as possible. The base also would have an automatic nuclear device placed at the bottom of it to prevent ... Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain Free Essays on The Andromeda Strain The Andromeda Strain by Michael Crichton is a science fiction book about the fictional 'first crisis' in the biological field. The book starts out by pointing out that technology is growing so rapidly, there is bound to be crises, like Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, and how the biological field of science has never had a major crisis. He also points out that biology is the youngest of all the fields, and a crisis has been long overdue. It begins with what is known as Project Scoop, a scientific mission to find life in the extreme outer limits of the atmosphere. Many satellites are put into orbit, and most are lost or come back with nothing. Then, with the seventh satellite, the get something. There is just one problem. The satellite lands in a very small town in northeast Arizona called Piedmont. Tracking crews are sent out to find the satellite and find it, and head into the town, but they find most of the inhabitants of Piedmont lying dead, clutching their chest, in the middle of the main street. When the get out of the vehicle to investigate, they die too, while being monitored by radio. The person in charge is back at base, listening to them. When, after the two find all the dead bodies in the town, everything goes silent, he knows something has gone very wrong, and calls in the problem. The systems that have been set up to take over in the event that something that like this happened start to take over, and certain people are contacted. Years before, a group of biologists proposed to the President that, in case of a unknown biological agent getting out into the country, an underground secret base should be set up to study the organism, and possibly try to find a cure. It would be five levels, each successive level more sterile than the other, from level 1 being non-sterile, to level 5 being as sterile as possible. The base also would have an automatic nuclear device placed at the bottom of it to prevent ...